Why testing synthetic cannabinoids remains a moving target

Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) represent the largest and most diverse group of new psychoactive substances, with hundreds of compounds emerging at a rapid pace that outstrips the ability of testing and regulation systems to keep up. This comprehensive review examined 33 published studies from 2018-2025 analyzing how scientists detect and identify these substances in biological samples like blood, urine, and hair. The research highlights a critical gap: the constant emergence of new synthetic cannabinoid variants makes it nearly impossible for forensic and clinical laboratories to maintain accurate detection methods, as each new compound requires specialized knowledge and testing protocols.

The review identifies significant technical challenges in analyzing synthetic cannabinoids, including the lack of standardized reference materials for many compounds and their metabolites, the extremely low concentrations found in biological samples, and the need for complex preparation procedures before analysis. Current methods rely on chromatographic separation techniques combined with various detection technologies, but scientists continue to struggle with establishing reliable protocols that work across the diverse chemical structures of these compounds. The paper emphasizes that inconsistent sample preparation methods across laboratories make it difficult to compare results and establish reliable thresholds for detection.

Looking forward, the review stresses the importance of adopting Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC) and White Analytical Chemistry (WAC) principles to make testing more sustainable, cost-effective, and accessible. The practical significance for users and public health lies in the recognition that current forensic and clinical capabilities lag significantly behind the market rate of new compound emergence, creating a gap where novel synthetic cannabinoids may circulate before reliable detection methods exist. This underscores the need for coordinated efforts between laboratories, regulatory agencies, and chemical researchers to develop adaptive, standardized protocols.