Germany's legal cannabis market succeeds with some users, but gaps remain

[Effects of the cannabis act on supply channels, attitudes, and perceptions of users].

Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz • • Moderately Relevant
🤖

AI Summary

Germany's Cannabis Act (CanG), which legalized cannabis in early 2024, has achieved partial success in shifting users from illegal to legal supply channels, according to a major survey of 11,471 cannabis users conducted between March and June 2025. The research found that adult cannabis users—particularly men and those in rural areas—have significantly increased their use of legal sources like home cultivation and pharmacy purchases since the law took effect. However, the transition to legal markets remains incomplete, with certain demographic groups facing substantial barriers to accessing legal cannabis, suggesting the law's intended goal of curbing the illegal market still has work to do.

The study reveals important demographic disparities in how different groups have benefited from legalization. Men and residents of major cities (especially Berlin and Hamburg) report the most positive perceptions of the law, yet paradoxically, urban populations face more barriers to legal access than rural communities. Most striking is the lack of change among adolescents, who continue relying on illegal sources at similar rates as before the law took effect. Women also show lower adoption of legal channels compared to men, indicating potential accessibility issues or other barriers specific to their experience in the legal market.

The research suggests that targeted policy interventions are needed to address barriers for underserved groups—adolescents, women, and urban populations—if Germany wants to further reduce dependence on illegal cannabis supply. The positive subjective perceptions of the law among those who have successfully transitioned to legal channels indicate strong potential for the market to expand, but gaps remain that policymakers must address to achieve the Cannabis Act's full public health objectives.

📄 Original Abstract

With the Cannabis Act (CanG), the German government aimed to improve health protection and to curb the illegal cannabis market. A partial success of the CanG would be evident in the shift from illegal to legal supply channels. The following questions were central: How did sources of cannabis supply change overall and across different groups due to the Cannabis Act? Which groups subjectively benefit the most from the Cannabis Act? To address these research questions, a non-representative, quantitative online survey was conducted from 24 March 2025 to 10 June 2025 among cannabis users aged 14 and older. Participants were asked about their sources of supply before and after the Cannabis Act took effect as well as the subjectively perceived effects. The sample included N = 11,471 participants. Since the CanG came into effect, a shift from illegally to legally produced cannabis has been observed among adults overall, particularly among men and people in rural areas, as home cultivation and pharmacy purchases have increased significantly. In contrast, little change was observed among adolescents. Participants reported predominantly positive subjective effects of the law. Gender and regional differences showed that men and residents of major cities-particularly Berlin and Hamburg-more frequently perceived positive subjective effects. The results suggest that certain subgroups face barriers in accessing the legal market, including adolescents, women, and the urban population. For these groups, targeted measures aimed at reducing such barriers could contribute to further curbing illegal sources of supply. HINTERGRUND: Mit dem Cannabisgesetz (CanG) verfolgte die Bundesregierung das Ziel, den Gesundheitsschutz zu verbessern und den illegalen Markt zurückzudrängen. Ein Teilerfolg des CanG würde sich daher in der Verschiebung von illegalen zu legalen Bezugswegen zeigen. Folgende Fragen standen im Zentrum: Wie haben sich die Bezugswege durch das CanG insgesamt und in verschiedenen Gruppen verändert? Welche Gruppen profitieren subjektiv am meisten durch das CanG? Um die Forschungsfragen zu beantworten, wurde vom 24.03.2025 bis zum 10.06.2025 eine nichtrepräsentative, quantitative Online-Befragung mit Konsumierenden ab 14 Jahren durchgeführt. Die Teilnehmenden wurden zu ihren Bezugswegen vor und nach dem Inkrafttreten des CanG sowie zu den von ihnen wahrgenommenen Auswirkungen befragt. Die Stichprobe umfasste N = 11.471 Personen. Seit Inkrafttreten des CanG zeigte sich bei Erwachsenen insgesamt, vor allem aber bei Männern und Personen im ländlichen Raum, eine Verschiebung von illegal zu legal produziertem Cannabis, da Eigenanbau und Apothekenbezug stark zugenommen haben. Bei Jugendlichen zeigten sich kaum Veränderungen. Subjektiv wurden überwiegend positive Effekte des Gesetzes berichtet, wobei sich Geschlechter- und Regionalunterschiede zeigten, indem Männer sowie Personen aus Großstädten – insbesondere Berlin und Hamburg – häufiger positive subjektive Effekte wahrnahmen. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass für bestimmte Subgruppen Barrieren im Zugang zum legalen Markt bestehen, darunter Jugendliche, Frauen und die urbane Bevölkerung. Für diese Gruppen könnten gezielte Maßnahmen zum Abbau solcher Barrieren einen Beitrag zur weiteren Zurückdrängung illegaler Bezugswege leisten.

Explore More Research

Stay informed about the latest cannabis science.

Your stash, decoded.