Review links addiction risk to genes and brain changes, but calls for validation
Genetics of addiction to substances of abuse: reward system, neuroplasticity and genetic susceptibility.
Medwave•• Review • Relevant
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AI Summary
This literature review synthesizes research on how genetic susceptibility and repeated substance exposure may interact in addiction, including evidence on alcohol, nicotine, cannabis, cocaine, and opioids. It describes lasting changes across brain regions involved in reward, decision-making, and memory, and notes the participation of several signaling systems, including the endocannabinoid system.
The review concludes that genetic variants generally make limited contributions to addiction susceptibility, and that associations can vary by substance, study methods, and population. Because this is a review and the abstract calls for larger studies to validate the associations, it cannot establish an individual’s risk or show that genetic findings are ready for prevention or personalized treatment. This is an abstract-based summary.
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Key Findings
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The review describes addiction as an interaction between repeated substance exposure, persistent brain adaptations, and genetic susceptibility.
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The reviewed evidence implicates multiple brain regions and signaling systems, including the endocannabinoid system, in addiction-related neurobiology.
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Most genetic variants described contribute only to a limited extent to susceptibility, and their associations may differ across substances, methods, and populations.
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90%
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The review says larger functional, population-based, and multi-ethnic studies are needed before these associations’ usefulness for prevention, risk assessment, or personalized therapies can be determined.
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Original Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Substance abuse is a public health problem resulting from the interaction between exposure, neuroadaptations, and genetic susceptibility. This review aimed to synthesize recent evidence on the genes and neurobiological systems involved in the development of substance abuse.
METHODS: A literature review was conducted, primarily of articles published within the last 10 years. MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and specialized genetic and biomedical information resources were consulted, yielding 158 references on the genetics of addiction, neurotransmission, neuroplasticity, and the use of alcohol, nicotine, cannabis, cocaine, and opioids were included.
RESULTS: Addiction arises from the interaction between repeated exposure to substances of abuse, persistent neuroadaptations, and genetic susceptibility. The main neurobiological alterations involve the ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus, with participation from the dopaminergic, glutamatergic, GABAergic, opioid, endocannabinoid, cholinergic, serotonergic, and noradrenergic systems. Genetic variants in and have been associated with susceptibility to developing substance use disorders. Furthermore, chronic exposure alters pathways such as cAMP/PKA, CREB, FosB, AP-1, and ERK, which promotes tolerance, dependence, sensitization, and relapse. However, most of the described variants contribute only to a limited extent to susceptibility to substance abuse, and their magnitude may differ depending on the substance, methodological differences between studies, and the type of population studied.
CONCLUSIONS: Susceptibility to addiction may arise from a complex interaction between genetic, neurobiological, and potentially environmental factors. However, larger functional, population-based, and multi-ethnic studies are needed to validate these associations and determine their usefulness in prevention, risk stratification, and personalized therapies.
INTRODUCCIÓN: Las adicciones a sustancias de abuso constituyen un problema de salud pública y resultan de la interacción entre exposición, neuroadaptaciones y susceptibilidad genética. Esta revisión tuvo como objetivo sintetizar la evidencia reciente sobre los genes y sistemas neurobiológicos implicados en el desarrollo de adicciones a sustancias de abuso.
MÉTODOS: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de literatura publicada principalmente en los últimos 10 años. Se consultaron MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect y recursos especializados de información genética y biomédica, de los cuales se incluyeron 158 referencias sobre genética de la adicción, neurotransmisión, neuroplasticidad y consumo de alcohol, nicotina, cannabis, cocaína y opioides.
RESULTADOS: La adicción surge de la interacción entre exposición repetida a sustancias de abuso, neuroadaptaciones persistentes y susceptibilidad genética. Las principales alteraciones neurobiológicas involucran el área tegmental ventral, núcleo accumbens, corteza prefrontal, amígdala e hipocampo, con participación de los sistemas dopaminérgico, glutamatérgico, GABAérgico, opioide, endocannabinoide, colinérgico, serotoninérgico y noradrenérgico. Variantes genéticas en se han asociado con susceptibilidad al desarrollo de adicciones a sustancias de abuso. Asimismo, la exposición crónica altera vías como AMPc/PKA (adenosín monofosfato cíclico y Proteína quinasa A), CREB, FosB, AP-1 y ERK, lo que favorece la tolerancia, dependencia, sensibilización y recaída. Sin embargo, la mayoría de las variantes descritas contribuyen de forma limitada a la susceptibilidad a adicciones por sustancias de abuso, y cuya magnitud pueden diferir según la sustancia, las diferencias metodológicas entre estudios y el tipo de población estudiada.
CONCLUSIONES: La susceptibilidad a las adicciones puede surgir de una interacción compleja entre factores genéticos, neurobiológicos y potencialmente ambientales. Sin embargo, se requieren estudios funcionales, poblacionales y multiétnicos más amplios para validar esta asociación y determinar su utilidad en prevención, estratificación del riesgo y terapias personalizadas.
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