German survey finds varied sources for cannabis used in pain care

[Prevalence of high-impact chronic pain, use of centrally acting analgesics, and sources of cannabis-based medicines in Germany : Results of a sample survey of the general population].

Schmerz (Berlin, Germany) • • Highly Relevant
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AI Summary

This cross-sectional survey asked how common high-impact chronic pain and centrally acting pain medicines are among people aged 16 and older in Germany, and how people obtain cannabis-based medicines. The survey was conducted in spring 2025; 2,522 of 6,663 people contacted participated. Using a chronic-pain grading scale, 6.6% of participants reported high-impact chronic pain. In the previous four weeks, 2.5% reported taking cannabis-based medicines for pain, alongside reports of use of other centrally acting pain medicines.

Among those obtaining cannabis-based medicines, 45.2% reported health-insurance coverage and 53.2% private prescriptions from general practitioners or specialists. For cannabis flowers, respondents also reported obtaining them from friends (45.2%), the black market (24.2%), or their own cultivation (19.4%). These are self-reported findings from an observational population survey: they describe reported use and sources, but cannot establish treatment effectiveness or explain why people used particular sources. This is an abstract-based summary; the abstract does not provide further detail on the survey’s limitations.

💡 Key Findings

1
In this cross-sectional survey of German residents aged 16 and older, 6.6% of participants reported high-impact chronic pain.
High
95%
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2.5% of participants reported taking cannabis-based medicines for pain in the previous four weeks.
High
95%
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Reported sources for cannabis flowers included friends (45.2%), the black market (24.2%), and own cultivation (19.4%); these are reported sources, not evidence about treatment outcomes.
High
95%
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For cannabis-based medicines, 45.2% reported costs covered by health insurance and 53.2% reported private prescriptions from general practitioners or specialists.
High
95%

📄 Original Abstract

BACKGROUND AND RESEARCH QUESTION: There are currently no recent data available on the prevalence of high-impact chronic pain, the use of centrally acting analgesics, and the sources of supply for cannabis-based medicines among the general German population. METHODOLOGY: Individuals aged ≥ 16 years from the German population were surveyed in a cross-sectional study in spring 2025. Pain grades were assessed using the German version of the Graded Chronic Pain Scale Revised. RESULTS: Of the individuals contacted, 2522 out of 6663 (38.3%) participated in the study. Of the participants, 6.6% reported high-impact chronic pain, 7.6% reported taking weak opioids in the last 4 weeks, 2.5% reported taking cannabis-based medications, 1.9% and 1.8% reported taking antidepressants and anticonvulsants for pain management, respectively, and 1.5% reported taking strong opioids. Cannabis-based medicines were obtained in 45.2% of cases with costs covered by health insurance and in 53.2% of cases through private prescriptions from general practitioners or specialists. The following additional sources of supply were reported for cannabis flowers: own cultivation: 19.4%; supply by friends: 45.2%; black market: 24.2%. DISCUSSION: A relevant number of people in the general German population report having taken centrally acting painkillers in the last four weeks. Cannabis flowers for pain treatment are obtained from multiple and sometimes problematic sources (black market). ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: HINTERGRUND UND FRAGESTELLUNG: Es liegen bislang keine aktuellen Zahlen zur Häufigkeit stark beeinträchtigender chronischer Schmerzen, des Gebrauchs von zentralwirksamen Schmerzmitteln sowie zu den Bezugsquellen von cannabisbasierten Arzneimitteln aus der allgemeinen deutschen Bevölkerung, vor. METHODIK: Personen einer Stichprobe ≥ 16 Jahre der deutschen Bevölkerung wurden im Frühjahr 2025 in einer Querschnittsstudie untersucht. Schmerzschweregrade wurden mit der deutschen Version der Graded Chronic Pain Scale Revised erfasst. ERGEBNISSE: 2522/6663 (38,3 %) der kontaktierten Personen nahmen an der Studie teil. 6,6 % der Teilnehmer berichteten stark beeinträchtigende chronische Schmerzen. Von allen Teilnehmern gaben 7,6 % die Einnahme von schwachen Opioiden in den letzten vier Wochen an, 2,5 % von cannabishaltigen Medikamenten, 1,9 % bzw.1,8 % von Antidepressiva bzw. Antikonvulsiva zur Schmerztherapie und 1,5 % von starken Opioiden 1,5 % . Cannabishaltige Arzneimittel wurden zu 45,2 % mit Kostenübernahme durch Krankenkassen und zu 53,2 % über Privatrezepte von Haus- oder Fachärzten bezogen. Für Cannabisblüten wurden folgende weitere Bezugsquellen angegeben: Eigener Anbau: 19,4 %; Abgabe durch Freunde: 45,2 %; Schwarzmarkt: 24,2 %. DISKUSSION: Eine relevante Anzahl von Personen der allgemeinen deutschen Bevölkerung berichtet über die Einnahme von zentralwirksamen Schmerzmittel in den letzten vier Wochen. Cannabisblüten zur Schmerzbehandlung werden aus multiplen und teilweise problematischen Quellen (Schwarzmarkt) bezogen.

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